I have a similar build as your’s, with a small form factor Lenovo with an Intel Core i5-4570T. Same RAM and a 500gb internal HD with a 1TB external.
I use Retroarch for all of my systems, and find that Playstation 1, Saturn, and Dreamcast run great, even with upscaling. Gamecube is hit or miss, but I get the best performance at Native resolution. Haven’t found anything that won’t run, but I have very few of these games.
Playstation 2 is where my system really shows it’s limited capacity as I can get a game like Tales of the Abyss running with the PCSX2 emulator with 2x resolution. Shadow of the Colossus is a complete no-go.
PSP runs well enough, though I’ve only tested 3rd Birthday, Patapon, and FF Tactics: War of the Lions.
NeoGeo, N64, and the 8 and 16-bit era consoles have run smoothly. CPS1 and CPS2 run well too. I haven’t been able to get MAME or Naomi to run, but that has more to do configuring LB than my system.
Haven’t tried Wii, DS, or 3DS. I expect those won’t run as well given the early state of Citra and that it needs a bit more power than my system.
Hope that helps.