Yes, load up a PS1 game and open the quick menu (F1 on keyboard or guide button on controller) and look for Core Options. In the Core Options you will find a setting for internal resolution. Performance may be impacted depending on the core you are using, for example if you are using the beetle software core it will be heavily impacted but if you use the beetle hardware core and you have some sort of GPU (not integrated graphics) the performance will be fine.
This works with other cores as well such as the Mupen core for N64.
You can use ePSXe if you prefer it for any reason but we tend to not recommend that emulator anymore, DuckStation is far better though ePSXe does have its place running on old slow hardware.
Most emulators for 3D based systems has some sort of internal resolution scaling but you will have to check on case by case basis. All the big name ones have support for it.